PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF FIELD WORK TRAINING IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: A REVIEW

Abstract: Social work students generally considered field work training as the most important component in their professional education. In social work curriculum, practice and knowledge (theory) are two integral components in the curriculum, and yet they are often regarded as separate and so some extent antithetical (the theoretical†vs. the practicalâ€). A unique feature of fieldwork training is that training and practice take place in the same place. Hence, students are not learning about†a practice as is the case in classroom instruction but learning in†practice. Field placement is one of the most exciting and exhilarating parts of a formal social work education. It is also one of the most challenging. More than anything else, it requires students to look inside themselves and examine themselves as future social workers. However, most of the time, the students will feel better equipped for their professional career after finishing their practicum. The field work goal is to develop the student's competence in the practice of social work. Field education is an experiential form of teaching and learning that takes place in a service setting. Field work practices offered the most opportunity to understand the requirements of the people in the background of prevailing cultural traditions and values and thereby, offered opportunities to indigenize practice. It also gave opportunities for innovation. Thus, the present paper highlights and reviews on the challenges and prospects of field work training in Social Work education

Antimicrobial property of bioactive factor isolated from Parmelia perlata

Parmelia is previously mentioned in India Materia Medica as a treatment for a number of ailments and hence they are being used in large quantities as a food supplement in India. The crude hot extracts of Parmelia perlata and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activity of Parmelia perlata crude hot extracts revealed that the extracts showed significant effect against Clavibacter michiganensis (33 ± 0.06), moderate against Pseudomonas solanacearum (33 ± 0.32) and less potent against Escherichia coli (28 ± 0.10) when compared to the standard drug Streptomycin. The Fusarium oxysporum (26 ± 0.38) and Rhizopus nigricans (20 ± 0.06) were more susceptibility to wards the treatment of hot extracts, whereas Aspergillus niger (18 ± 0.15)  demonstrated less susceptibility to crude hot extracts, but stardard antifungal drug bavistin was potent against all the fungal pathogens used in the study. Compound-I and compound-II isolated from the crude extract of Parmelia perlata showed efficient antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of compound-II was significant against to Clavibacter michiganensis (22 ± 0.17) and Pseudomonas solanacearum (44 ± 0.21), but less against to Escherichia coli (11 ± 0.17). Compound-I were more active against Pseudomonas solanacearum (31 ± 0.06) and moderately active against Clavibacter michiganensis (28 ± 0.05) and less active against to Escherichia coli (21 ± 0.23) when compared to Streptomycin. The antifungal activity of compound-II was better than compound-I. Compound-II was significant against Fusarium oxysporum (40 ± 0.05), Rhizopus nigricans (27 ± 0.02) and less active against to Aspergillus niger (18 ± 0.02) than compared to compound-I. The compound-I did not impotent against Aspergillus niger. The present investigation indicated that the crude hot extracts and the isolated compounds of Parmelia perlata have potential antimicrobial property.Â

Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Usnea longissima

Introduction: Usnea Longissima is an epiphyte species of lichen belongs to the family Parmeliaceae. Lichenic acids isolated from Usnea Longissima are growth inhibitors. Usnea Longissima was used a dermatological aid for during wounds in the pecific North West. Methods: The ethanol extract of Usnea Longissima were screened for potential antibacterial activity and antifungal activity using Agar well diffusion method against six infectious strains and two dermatophytic fungi Trichoderma viride and Candida albicans. Results: Ethanol extract of Usnea Longissima exhibited significant antibacterial activity and antifungal activity with 1mg/ml Agar well diffusion method against the Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (26 ± 0.5), and Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 ± 0.5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21 ± 0.5), Shigella dysenteriae (10 ± 0.3), Salmonella typhi (14 ± 0.5), Escherichia coli (-) and two dermatophytic fungi Trichoderma viride (14 ± 0.5) and Candida albicans (11 ± 0.5). Conclusion The present study is justified the traditional use and the effect of ethanol extract of lichen Usnea longissima was screened their level of antimicrobial potential.Â

Influence of zeolite on heavy metal immobilization in municipal solid waste compost contaminated soil

The application of Municipal solid waste as compost (MSWC) in agricultural fields has become one of the most common practices. Besides its benefits, it poses some harmful effects on soil, as it increases the heavy metal content in MSWC of the soil. It is necessary to find a way to reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals in MSWC  before its application into the soil. This study aimed at exploring the efficiency of zeolite as an immobilizer to dwindle heavy metal bioavailability. An incubation experiment was conducted wherein the soil samples were artificially spiked with different rates of MSWC (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1). The zeolite was added to the spiked soil at 5 different levels, namely 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 %, and their effect on bioavailable heavy metal status was observed during different incubation intervals (0, 15. 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). Results unveiled that applying 10% zeolite significantly (P<0.05) reduced the bioavailability of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni)  to Below the detectable limit (Bdl) in all soil samples. Furthermore, the organic carbon status of soil was also enriched by MSWC and 10% zeolite application. The soil pH slightly increased (7.39) with applying 10% zeolite resulting in the immobilization of heavy metals. Hence, 10% zeolite application was one of the most effective immobilizers in eliminating the bioavailability of heavy metals. Therefore, it can be concluded that mixing zeolite with MSWC before applying it to crop fields can reduce the heavy metal overload in soil. Hence, this study highlights the potential of zeolite as an effective choice in dwindling the soil's bioavailability of heavy metal content

Corrosion Assessment Methods in Reinforced Cement Concrete

Worldwide huge amount was spent on infrastructure development projects, in which a major part is spent on demolishing deteriorated structures due to their reduction in serviceability due to various external factors. This may be attained by preventing reinforced cement concrete (RC) structures from factors that affect serviceability such as corrosion. The research community is developing various techniques to predict corrosion in RC structures to prevent the structure in the initial stages by carrying out maintenance work instead of going for the reconstruction of deteriorated structures. The corrosion of RC structures was mainly caused by chloride ions penetrating the structure or by carbonation. This coefficient can be used to predict the rate of corrosion in concrete. Electrochemical measurement, Eddy current, Half-cell potential measurement, etc., are the experimental techniques to forecast the corrosion rate in concrete reviewed. Recently various software’s like Life 365, Thermos calc, Concrete Compass, etc., were developed to predict the corrosion rate in RC structures. This research paper reviews the effectiveness of the application of software to predict corrosion rate in RC structures by reviewing previous research works to identify an accurate method to be followed

1d & 2d Signal Compression Using Discrete Wavelet Transform : A Survey

Today’s smart world with high-speed communication devices demands elegant computing systems with lightening speed. Compression technology takes a major part in developing new generation computing systems. Popular applications like multimedia and medical data processing technology desires high data transmission rate, good perceptual signal quality and high compression rates. Wavelet based data compression techniques have advantages in lossless signal reconstructions and fit in dedicated data processing field. This paper highlights some wavelet transform based compression algorithms implementation and measuring performance towards quality of reconstruction and compression rate of one and two dimensional signal

Efficient Wavelet Coding Technique in DWT-DCT for Color Image Compression

This paper presents a changed crossover wavelet calculation to pack shading picture. After wavelet disintegration, low recurrence coefficients are compacted into T-Matrix utilizing one-dimensional DCT. In the meantime high recurrence coefficients at level two are packed in two phases. In first stage an ideal edge is connected to every single point by point coefficient utilizing enhanced neigh recoil utilizing stein's impartial hazard estimator (SURE) to dispense with some excess. In second stage, Eliminate Zero and Store Data (EZSD) calculation is connected to kill zeroes in sub framework of high recurrence coefficients and to store just nonzero information into a cluster. The calculation is more minimal as it utilizes two level quantization and number juggling coding. Consequences of this calculation contrasted and JPEG2000 by utilizing three diverse shading pictures

Assessment of variability parameters and diversity of panicle architectural traits associated with yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The rice panicle, a pivotal reproductive structure, signifies the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in plants. Comprising components such as the rachis, primary and secondary branches, seed quantities and branch lengths, panicle architecture profoundly influences grain production. This study delves into the diversity of panicle architecture traits and scrutinizes variability parameters across 69 distinct rice genotypes. Our findings underscore substantial variations in panicle architecture traits among genotypes. Particularly noteworthy are traits with the highest coefficient of variation (CV%), encompassing the count of secondary branches, single plant yield, productive tillers per plant, seeds per secondary branch and panicle weight. Correlation analysis reveals robust positive connections between panicle weight, the number of filled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and single plant yield. The number of secondary branches exhibits the most substantial phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV%) at 47.14%, accompanied by a genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV%) of 43.57%. Traits such as days to 50% flowering, plant height and number of filled grains per panicle manifest high heritability (97.04%, 91.24% and 76.22% respectively) and notable genetic advancement (23.11%, 39.62% and 47.49%). The principal component analysis identifies the primary component (PC1) as the principal contributor to variance. Biplot analysis accentuates positive correlations between attributes like the number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length, plant height, primary branch count, panicle weight, seeds per primary branch and the number of secondary branches with single plant yield. By employing Mahalanobis D2 statistics, the classification of genotypes into 6 distinct clusters reveals clusters III and IV as distinguished by their significant inter-cluster and intra-cluster distances. This comprehensive analysis unveils the potential for harnessing panicle architecture traits to enhance grain production and advances our comprehension of intricate relationships within diverse rice genotypes

Methotrexate promotes platelet apoptosis via JNK-mediated mitochondrial damage: Alleviation by N-acetylcysteine and N-acetylcysteine amide

Thrombocytopenia in methotrexate (MTX)-treated cancer and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients connotes the interference of MTX with platelets. Hence, it seemed appealing to appraise the effect of MTX on platelets. Thereby, the mechanism of action of MTX on platelets was dissected. MTX (10 μM) induced activation of pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bax and Bad through JNK phosphorylation leading to Îm dissipation, cytochrome c release and caspase activation, culminating in apoptosis. The use of specific inhibitor for JNK abrogates the MTX-induced activation of pro-apoptotic proteins and downstream events confirming JNK phosphorylation by MTX as a key event. We also demonstrate that platelet mitochondria as prime sources of ROS which plays a central role in MTX-induced apoptosis. Further, MTX induces oxidative stress by altering the levels of ROS and glutathione cycle. In parallel, the clinically approved thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its derivative N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) proficiently alleviate MTX-induced platelet apoptosis and oxidative damage. These findings underpin the dearth of research on interference of therapeutic drugs with platelets, despite their importance in human health and disease. Therefore, the use of antioxidants as supplementary therapy seems to be a safe bet in pathologies associated with altered platelet functions. © 2015 Paul et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Einkorn genomics sheds light on history of the oldest domesticated wheat

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) was the first domesticated wheat species, and was central to the birth of agriculture and the Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 years ago$^{1,2}$. Here we generate and analyse 5.2-Gb genome assemblies for wild and domesticated einkorn, including completely assembled centromeres. Einkorn centromeres are highly dynamic, showing evidence of ancient and recent centromere shifts caused by structural rearrangements. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of a diversity panel uncovered the population structure and evolutionary history of einkorn, revealing complex patterns of hybridizations and introgressions after the dispersal of domesticated einkorn from the Fertile Crescent. We also show that around 1% of the modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A subgenome originates from einkorn. These resources and findings highlight the history of einkorn evolution and provide a basis to accelerate the genomics-assisted improvement of einkorn and bread wheat